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A film disc cutout is used in series lighting. For example, imagine an airport runway. This runway is 2 miles long and there are lights spaced 100 feet apart. This is over 100 lights on one side of the runway. Now, remember there must be lights on both sides, the ends, usually down the middle, side markers, taxiways, etc. If you tried to run parallel lighting (like in your house with 2 wires going to each light) the wires would have to be huge since there would be such a voltage drop over this distance. Series lighting does not have this problem. It uses a high voltage but the current is the same because it is a series circuit.
So, what's the downside?
Are you old enough to remember the old-style Christmas tree lights? This was series lighting. If one bulb went out, they all went out. All you could do is change bulbs one at a time until you found the blown bulb.
Enter the Film Cutout!
The film cutout eliminates this problem by being placed in parallel with the light bulb. Let's say the light bulb runs at 30 volts and the Film Cutout is designed to blow at 100 volts. Normally the cutout just sits there doing nothing until the bulb blows. When this happens, the voltage rapidly rises due to the lack of current flow. The cutout detects this high voltage and shorts leaving the rest of the lights burning. A technician changes the bulb and cutout at the same time.
Does one size fit all?
Not really. Film cutouts come in four different break-over voltages ranging from 30 Volts to 390 Volts. Your lamps and configuration will determine which type you need.
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